HERE WE GO, FOLKS!!…
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Question 1
The _____ "biological revolution" happens to have come along at precisely the same moment we are all caught up in what has been called a "crisis in values".
Current means happening now, at the present time. The clue is "at precisely the same moment we are all caught up in", which describes something taking place today: the current biological revolution. Continuous means without stopping, which does not fit here, and deliberate (intentional) does not describe a revolution in this way.
Question 2
What values should guide the biologist's explorations into the nature of human life or the physician's treatment of the _____ ill?
Terminally ill is a fixed collocation for people with an illness that cannot be cured and will cause death, e.g. care for the terminally ill. Deadly is an adjective (a deadly disease), so it cannot modify ill. Finally ill is not used in English.
Question 3
The _____ over recombining genes to produce new life forms is only one of the knotty ethical, philosophical and even religious questions raised by the current "biological revolution".
A controversy is a long public disagreement or debate, and the usual pattern is controversy over/about something. The rest of the sentence calls it one of the "knotty ethical, philosophical and even religious questions", which confirms the meaning. Contradiction means two statements that cannot both be true. It is not a public argument about an issue.
Question 4
Other scientists are quick to point out that we need not only better maps of genes but a better understanding of the _____ between genes as well.
Connections between genes are the links and relationships among them. The sentence contrasts knowing where genes are ("maps of genes") with understanding how they relate to one another. Definitions, substitutes and confirmations do not fit the pattern between genes.
Question 5
It has been said that we live in a period of the greatest change ever _____ by humankind -- a change that is powered by the engine of science and technology.
To experience a change means to live through it or have it happen to you: the greatest change ever experienced by humankind. The passive experienced by fits because humankind is the one going through the change. Endangered (put in danger) and domesticated (tamed) do not make sense with "change".
Question 6
There is a rich and attractive opportunity for the world's scientific and technological community to institutionalize and perfect a (an) _____ of interlinked centres addressing their problems.
A network is a system of connected people, places or organisations. The clue is "interlinked centres": a network of interlinked centres. A catalogue is a list of items, so it does not suit centres that work together. A paradox is a statement that seems to contradict itself.
Question 7
Our times call for a (an) _____ rethinking of the relationship of science and technology with society.
Profound means deep, serious and far-reaching, and it collocates naturally with rethinking, change and impact. "Our times call for" a fundamental reconsideration, not a superficial one. Shallow means the opposite, so it contradicts the sense of the sentence.
Question 8
During the 1960s, some developing countries became _____ concerned about negative impacts of technology transfer involving multinational corporations.
Increasingly means more and more over time, and it often goes with adjectives of feeling: became increasingly concerned. The time phrase "During the 1960s" and the verb became show a gradual change. Instantaneously means at once, which does not fit a process lasting a decade.
Question 9
The new international economic order should, in the developing countries, mean measures to help the poor become more productive and to _____ minimum human needs for food and nutrition, health care (including family planning services), education, skills, and productive jobs.
To satisfy needs means to provide what people need, and it is a strong collocation (also meet needs). The aim is to help the poor, so the verb must be positive. Overlook means to ignore and exploit means to use unfairly, so both contradict the purpose of the sentence.
Question 10
We need new international efforts to help all countries move from almost total reliance on shrinking sources of nonrenewable energy to the greatest _____ reliance on renewable sources.
Feasible means possible and practical to achieve. The greatest feasible reliance means as much reliance as can realistically be achieved. Significant or gradual cannot follow the superlative greatest in this way, because "the greatest significant reliance" is not natural English.
Question 11
As nonrenewable sources, specifically petroleum and natural gas, become scarcer and more expensive, new attention is being focused on green plants as a (an) _____ energy supply.
An alternative energy supply is one that can be used instead of the usual one. As petroleum and gas "become scarcer and more expensive", green plants are a possible replacement. Note that an alternative takes an, which explains the "a (an)" in the sentence.
Question 12
We must come up with a new _____ to the old debate about nature versus nurture, or genetic make-up versus environmental influences.
An approach to something is a way of dealing with or thinking about it, e.g. a new approach to the problem. Here it is a new way of looking at the old nature-versus-nurture debate. Deception, fidelity, donation and interruption do not combine with to the debate in this sense.
Question 13
One scheme for genetic engineering which has attracted wide interest is the cure of genetic _____ in man.
Genetic deficiencies are inherited defects or missing functions in a person's genes, and these are what genetic engineering might cure. A dilemma is a difficult choice, so it cannot be cured, and the article would also be wrong with a singular noun.
Question 14
Mankind as we know it today probably could not have evolved or _____ without tools.
To survive means to continue to live or exist. The pair evolved or survived describes how humans developed and stayed alive thanks to tools. Revolved means turned around a centre and exited means left, so neither has the right meaning.
Question 15
It is not surprising, therefore, that some anthropologists define the human _____ on the basis of tool-using and tool-making, or to be more exact, tool-dependency.
The human species means humans as a biological group, which is what anthropologists define. The definition is based on tool-using and tool-making. Representation and emphasis do not collocate with human in a scientific definition like this.
Question 16
Only over the past few decades have we come to understand how surprisingly much of what we do may be _____ by the kind of creatures we are and especially by the information stored in our genes.
To be influenced by something means to be affected or shaped by it. Our behaviour may be shaped "by the kind of creatures we are" and "by the information stored in our genes". Swollen and enlarged refer to physical size, and avoided does not fit the meaning.
Question 17
Scientists have become increasingly _____ with the fact that genes not only govern physical characteristics but they also play a large role in behaviour.
Impressed with/by means strongly affected by something because it is surprising or important. Scientists are struck by the fact that genes also affect behaviour. Critical would need of (critical of), and it would mean disapproving, which does not suit a scientific discovery.
Question 18
Most biologists now recognize that it is virtually impossible to separate the _____ genetic from the _____ environmental influences.
Purely means only or completely, with nothing else mixed in. The sentence says it is almost impossible to separate purely genetic influences from purely environmental ones, because the two always interact. The other adverbs (regrettably, malignantly, popularly, majestically) make no sense before genetic or environmental.
Question 19
In the normal brain, a large number of substances were _____ that were later found to be abnormal in quantity or metabolism in a substantial variety of neurological disorders.
To identify substances means to find them and recognise what they are, which is a common verb in scientific writing. The substances were found in the normal brain and "later found to be abnormal" in disorders. Undertaken is used for tasks or projects (undertake research), not for substances.
Question 20
Severe difficulties must be _____ before cloning can be done with mammals and humans.
To overcome difficulties means to deal with problems successfully, and it is a strong collocation. The difficulties must be solved "before cloning can be done". Intensified (made stronger) gives the opposite sense, and concluded is not used with difficulties.
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