This third gap fill test contains 25 multiple choice questions on the topics of adverbial clauses, conjunctions, inversions (inverted structures) of English grammar. Both English learners and ESL teachers can use this online exercise as a revision to check the knowledge of English adverbial clauses, conjunctions, inversion (inverted structures).
Question 1
In the original Greek sense, “Clime” was a concept used to divide the world into climatic zones sharing similar climatic attributes _____ temperature, length of the solar day (sunlight), and in particular latitudinal distance from the equator.
Such as introduces examples of a general noun. Here the examples are temperature, length of the solar day and latitudinal distance, all examples of climatic attributes. Either, neither, too and as well cannot introduce a list of examples.
Question 2
_____ the Turks regard the Osmanlis, or Ottomans, as their ancestors, they are a highly composite ethnic mixture.
The two clauses contrast: the Turks claim one group of ancestors, but in reality they are a very mixed people. Although introduces a full clause of concession (subject + verb). Not Despite, because it must be followed by a noun or -ing form, not a clause. However would need a separate sentence or a semicolon.
Question 3
People are realizing there are different varieties of citrus _____ lemons and limes.
Besides is a preposition here, meaning 'in addition to' or 'apart from', and it is followed directly by a noun phrase: besides lemons and limes. Moreover, in addition, also and further are linking adverbs and cannot take a noun object like this. In addition would need to: in addition to lemons.
Question 4
Experts estimate that 20 million Americans have mild symptoms _____ for 6 million women and 3 million men, the symptoms are moderate to severe.
While (= whereas) compares two contrasting facts in one sentence: 20 million people have mild symptoms, but for 9 million the symptoms are worse. Despite the fact that expresses concession, which does not fit. Because and due to the fact that give a reason, which does not fit either. Unless means 'if not' and makes no sense here.
Question 5
The design hotel simply proved that good architecture isn’t _____ a demand _____ a requirement.
The paired structure not just X but (also) Y adds a stronger second idea to the first. Good architecture is more than a demand; it is a requirement. Not neither / nor, because the verb is already negative (isn't), and isn't neither would be a double negative.
Question 6
A working group will outline the effects of the changes on humans, showing the effects of increases in temperature and humidity on malaria _____ the impact of heatwaves on crop losses.
As well as joins two noun phrases inside one sentence: the effects of … on malaria as well as the impact of heatwaves. In addition (without to) and moreover are sentence linkers and cannot join two nouns like this. More than changes the meaning to a comparison.
Question 7
UNICEF said today that _____ torrential rains in April, tens of thousands of pastoralist children still face death in one of the world’s most inhospitable regions.
The gap is followed by a noun phrase (torrential rains in April), not a clause, so we need the preposition despite. The contrast is that there was a lot of rain, yet the children still face death. Not although or whereas, because they need a subject and verb. Instead of means 'in place of', which is wrong here.
Question 8
The first examples of illustrated text came much later _____ because paper had only been recently introduced to the area, _____ because paper deteriorates so much more quickly than other products.
Either … or presents two possible explanations, one of which is probably true: either because … or because …. Correlative conjunctions have fixed partners: both … and, not only … but also, either … or. So both / or and not only / or are wrong pairs. Yet / still and the moment / while are not correlative pairs at all.
Question 9
Jewellery was important in _____ settled _____ nomadic societies and was worn for festive occasions and for displaying wealth.
Both … and means that something is true of two groups together. Jewellery mattered in settled societies and in nomadic societies. Either … or suggests only one of the two, and neither … nor would give the opposite meaning, which does not match 'was important'.
Question 10
Science fiction is usually just an element of the story and the background _____ the play would deal with issues of society.
Whilst (British; = whereas) contrasts two facts. Science fiction is only the background, while the real subject of the play is social issues. Not although, because there is no surprising concession here, only a comparison of two roles. During and until are about time and do not fit.
Question 11
In our multimedia world, with a lot more fiction available than in the past, the influence _____ the origin of single ideas is not so easy to trace.
As well as joins two noun phrases: the influence as well as the origin. In formal English, the verb then agrees with the first noun, so we say the influence … is. In addition, what's more and furthermore are sentence linkers and cannot join two nouns. Beside means 'next to'.
Question 12
Extraterrestrials are not _____ an object science would have to deal with, _____ they constitute a very strong story element for any kind of fiction as well.
Not just … but (also) adds a second, broader point: extraterrestrials are a subject for science and also a strong element of fiction. The words as well at the end confirm this 'additional' meaning. Neither / nor cannot follow are not, and both / and would need a simple are.
Question 13
Throughout history, there have been some books which had an extraordinary influence, _____ this was nothing compared to the influence the new media would have.
Yet is a coordinating conjunction meaning 'but' or 'even so'. It introduces a contrast: some books were very influential, yet this was nothing compared with new media. Not in spite of, because it needs a noun, not a clause. On the one hand would need on the other hand later.
Question 14
_____ a long and controversial history, psychosurgery has persisted as a modern treatment option for some medically intractable psychiatric disorders.
The gap is followed by a noun phrase (a long and controversial history), so the preposition Despite is needed. Although, While and In spite of the fact that must be followed by a full clause with a subject and verb. Yet cannot begin a phrase like this.
Question 15
The bishop, who stated that he intends to amend the Easter message to German churches _____ include the delegation's political impressions from their visit to the territories, has finally set out.
So as to + base verb expresses purpose: he will change the message so as to include the delegation's impressions. Not in order that, because it must be followed by a clause (in order that it includes …), not a bare infinitive. Even though and no matter do not express purpose.
Question 16
_____ cloudy conditions over much of Europe, a variety of webcasts carried the weather event live.
The gap is followed by a noun phrase (cloudy conditions), so the preposition Despite is needed. The contrast is that the sky was cloudy, but people could still watch the event online. Not Although or Whereas, because they need a clause. Instead of means 'in place of'.
Question 17
Residents of Asia saw the eclipse cut short by moonset _____ those in America had the moon already totally eclipsed by the time it rose.
While (= whereas) compares two contrasting situations: in Asia the moon set before the eclipse ended, but in America it rose already eclipsed. Although expresses concession, which does not fit this simple comparison. However cannot join two clauses with no punctuation, and even if is conditional.
Question 18
The Heart Association lists risk factors for heart disease _____ increasing age, male sex, heredity, smoking and high blood cholesterol.
Such as introduces examples directly after a noun: risk factors such as increasing age, …. For example would need commas and is less natural directly after a noun. As alone cannot introduce examples, and to illustrate is a sentence linker.
Question 19
Alcohol may have a sedative effect for the first hours following consumption; it can then lead to a non-restful night's sleep, _____.
However is a linking adverb that can come at the end of a clause, after a comma, to show contrast with the previous idea: alcohol makes you sleepy at first, but the night's sleep is then poor. Although is a conjunction and cannot end a clause like this. Even so is very unusual in end position.
Question 20
The story of the hero was lost to human memory, _____ occasional fragments.
Except for means 'apart from' and introduces an exception: the story was lost except for a few fragments. As regards, with respect to and as for mean 'concerning' and introduce a topic, not an exception. In addition would add something, which is the opposite meaning.
Question 21
_____ napping seems like a proper way to catch up on missed sleep, it is not always so.
Much as is a formal conjunction meaning 'although': Much as napping seems like a good idea, it is not always so. Not As, because it gives a reason, which does not fit the contrast. However, Otherwise and In contrast are linking adverbs and cannot introduce a subordinate clause.
Question 22
Regular exercise can improve sleep quality and duration; _____, exercising immediately before bedtime can have a stimulant effect on the body.
The pattern clause; however, clause uses a linking adverb of contrast after a semicolon. The clue is the contrast: exercise usually helps sleep; however, exercising just before bed can keep you awake. Not whereas: it is a conjunction, so it joins two clauses without a semicolon and is not followed by a comma. Besides, in addition and furthermore add a similar idea, not a contrast.
Question 23
_____ their lack of rights and privileges, women in high positions were viewed as temptresses, and an essential part of Mesopotamian culture.
The gap is followed by a noun phrase (their lack of rights and privileges), so the preposition Despite is needed to show contrast. Not Although, because it needs a clause. Owing to gives a reason, which does not match the contrast, and As though and In case of make no sense here.
Question 24
The new system improved the remote access for doctors on the move, enabling them to log into the hospital information systems, _____ what equipment they were using.
Regardless of means 'without being affected by' and is followed by a noun or a wh- clause: doctors could log in regardless of what equipment they were using. Pertaining to means 'relating to', for fear that expresses worry, and even though needs a full clause with a subject and verb.
Question 25
Hand washing needs to happen quite often _____ you just have a snack, especially _____ from a self-service source.
Even if means 'it doesn't matter whether': you should wash your hands even if you only have a snack. The second gap needs if, in the shortened form especially if (it is) from a self-service source. Other pairs such as in case / as though or otherwise / unless do not give a logical meaning.
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